Co-mining of mineral and geothermal resources: A state-of-the-art review and future perspectives
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摘要: 地熱能作為一種綠色清潔且儲量巨大的可再生能源，在降低礦產資源深部開采成本方面具有顯著優勢和發展潛力。充分利用深部巖體中蘊藏的地熱能，不僅可以有效緩解礦產資源開采中的熱害難題，而且有利于促進我國能源產業的綠色低碳和可持續發展。在梳理當前可能伴生有地熱資源的礦產資源基礎上，對現有的礦?熱資源共采技術進行了回顧和總結，分析展望了未來礦?熱資源共采的新模式，介紹了基于鹵水循環系統的礦?熱資源共采、基于開挖技術的礦?熱資源共采、基于充填采礦法的礦?熱資源共采、基于溶浸采礦法的礦?熱資源共采和基于廢棄礦井再利用的礦?熱資源共采等技術方案，同時指出了礦?熱資源共采所面臨的主要挑戰，包括加強礦?熱共同賦存區勘探、發展深部高溫堅硬巖層破巖與掘進技術、加強深部多場耦合環境巖石力學理論與試驗研究、建立礦?熱資源共采熱能分級利用體系。相關研究成果旨在釋放礦產資源開采中的地熱能發展潛力并促進地熱資源的規模化利用，可為我國深部礦產資源開采和地熱資源開發提供有益的參考和借鑒。開展礦產與地熱資源共采戰略研究，有望為推進我國深部資源開發和實現“碳達峰、碳中和”的雙碳目標提供一條有效途徑。Abstract: With the continuous increase in mining depths for mineral resources, the high-temperature thermal damage caused by deep earth temperatures has become a critical factor that restricts the safe and efficient mining of mineral resources. High-temperature environments directly affect the health of underground operators and reduce the service performance and lifetime of underground facilities and equipment. These high temperatures not only restrict mining efficiencies but also are a major safety hazard. However, the existing shaft facilities and abundant heat in the deep layers of mines provide favorable conditions for the large-scale development and utilization of geothermal energy. As clean and renewable energy, geothermal energy has significant advantages and great potential to reduce the cost of the deep mining of mineral resources. Making full use of geothermal energy stored in deep rock masses can not only effectively alleviate heat damage in mineral resource mining but also can promote the green, low-carbon, and sustainable development of the energy industry. To categorize mineral resources that may be associated with geothermal resources, here, we review and summarize existing mineral–geothermal co-mining technologies, i.e., the mine water source heat pump system, high-temperature exchange machinery system, deep salt mine geothermal extraction system, and oil and gas field geothermal energy comprehensive utilization project. Future modes, i.e., co-mining based on a brine circulation system, excavation technology, the filling mining method, in situ leaching method, and reuse of abandoned mines, are also analyzed. Moreover, the main challenges faced during the co-mining are discussed, including strengthening the exploration of the co-mining areas with mineral–thermal resources, developing rock breaking and tunneling technology for deep high-temperature hard rocks, strengthening the theoretical and experimental research of deep multifield coupled environmental rock mechanics, and establishing a graded utilization system of thermal energy for the co-mining of mineral–thermal resources. These research results are aimed at promoting geothermal energy development in the mining of mineral resources to benefit the large-scale utilization of geothermal resources and can provide a useful reference for the mining of deep mineral resources and the development of geothermal resources in China. Furthermore, promoting mineral–geothermal co-mining can promote the development of China’s deep resources to achieve the double carbon goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization.”
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表 1 我國部分金屬礦井原巖溫度測量結果
Table 1. Original rock temperatures in some metal mines in China
Mining area Depth of monitoring sites/m Virgin rock temperature/°C Luohe Iron Mine 700 38–42 Dongguashan Copper Mine 1100 40 Gaofeng Tin Mine 690 39 Banxi Antimony Mine 750 32 Xikuangshan Antimony Mine 855 35.3 Dahongshan Copper Mine 660 32 Hongtoushan Copper Mine 1257 38 Erdaogou Gold Mine 1300 30–32 Xiadian Gold Mine 850 35.2 Caojiawa Gold Mine 800 47.3 Xiangxi Gold Mine 1100 36 Xincheng Gold Mine 380 35 Sanshandao Gold Mine 825 35.4 Jiapigou Gold Mine 1600 38 Jiudian Gold Mine 560 42 Sishanling Iron Mine 1455 30–35 Nihe Iron Mine 870 40.87 
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久色视频表 2 我國部分油田地熱能利用項目[44]
Table 2. Geothermal energy utilization projects of some oilfields in China[44]
Oilfield Number of projects Geothermal source Technology Major application Efficiency Daqing 5 Waste-heat utilization of produced water Heat pump Space heating, heat-tracing oil gathering and transportation Replaces 7000 t of standard coal per year Liaohe 12 Waste-heat utilization of produced water, drilling geothermal wells Heat pump Space heating, bathing Replaces 24400 t of standard coal per year Huabei 5 Waste-heat utilization of produced water, reconstructing abandoned wells into geothermal wells Direct utilization of medium and Low-temperature geothermal power generation Heat-tracing oil gathering and transportation, power generation Saves 180000 m3 of gas,
6800 t of oil, and 600 t
of coal per yearZhongyuan 1 Waste-heat utilization of produced water Heat pump Space heating Saves 2537 t of standard
coal per year
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