Experimental study of the enhanced stimulation of a deep carbonate thermal reservoir in the Xiong'an New Area
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摘要: 碳酸鹽巖熱儲是我國水熱型地熱資源開發的主戰場，具有分布廣、厚度大、易回灌等特點。目前的利用僅局限于碳酸鹽巖熱儲頂部約200 m的強巖溶發育帶，由于深部碳酸鹽巖熱儲滲透性低、非均質性強，無法進行規模化開發利用。針對深部巨厚碳酸鹽巖熱儲高效開發技術難題，采用綜合測井與裂隙成像測井技術優選了目標增產層段，創新使用了水力噴射酸化壓裂熱儲改造技術，該技術具有定點起裂、有效封隔、熱儲深穿透、改造體積大等特點。以雄安新區揭露碳酸鹽巖熱儲層厚度最大的地熱井D22為代表開展了現場熱儲改造試驗，結果顯示，目標層段3024~3174 m涌水量由改造前的4.72 m3·h?1增加到改造后的44.10 m3·h?1，提高了8.3倍；單位涌水量由改造前的0.024 m3·(h·m)?1增加到改造后的0.745 m3·(h·m)?1，提高了30倍；儲層滲透系數由4.4×10?3 m·d?1提高到了146.3×10?3 m·d?1；井口水溫由改造前的60.0 ℃增加到66.5 ℃。試驗研究表明，可通過熱儲改造提高深部巨厚碳酸鹽巖熱儲的開發潛能。Abstract: Geothermal energy, as a clean and renewable resource distributed worldwide, has received extensive focus in recent years. With the improvement in drilling and logging technology, the depth of geothermal exploration has gradually increased. Carbonate reservoirs are presently the main layer for geothermal development and use in China that have the characteristics of wide distribution, large reserves, and easy reinjection. The current use is limited to the strong karst development zone, approximately 200 m at the top of the reservoirs. Because of the low permeability and strong heterogeneity, the deep carbonate geothermal reservoirs cannot be commercially developed. This study aims to solve the key technical problems of efficiently developing deep carbonate geothermal reservoirs with extreme thickness. The target section was selected by analyzing comprehensive logging and fracture imaging logging data. An innovative simulation technology combining hydraulic jetting and acid fracturing is developed, which has the characteristics of fixed-point fracturing, effective sealing, strong penetration, and a large stimulation range. A production enhancement test was conducted for carbonate geothermal wells in the following order: comprehensive logging, imaging logging, casing cementing, perforation, pumping test, small pressure test, hydraulic injection acid fracturing, pumping test (after fracturing), and other construction processes. Comprehensive logging is an effective means to interpret the macroscopic pore and permeability properties of a reservoir and can be used to initially select the target geothermal reservoir. Fracture imaging logging can provide a more intuitive understanding of fracture development and distribution characteristics. The results show that the fracture density of geothermal well D22 does not decrease substantially with increasing depth, and the fracture width tends to decrease with depth clearly. The experimental geothermal well D22, which has the largest thickness of carbonate geothermal reservoir exposed in the Xiong'an New Area, was selected to perform a pilot field test of stimulation. The results show that the water inflow of the target section at 3024–3174 m increased from 4.72 m3·h?1 before stimulation to 44.10 m3·h?1 after stimulation, increasing by 8.3-fold. The unit water inflow increased from 0.024 m3·(h·m)?1 before stimulation to 0.745 m3·(h·m)?1 after stimulation, increasing by 30-fold. The reservoir permeability coefficient increased from 4.4×10?3 m·d?1 to 146.3×10?3 m·d?1. The wellhead water temperature increased from 60.0 °C before stimulation to 66.5 °C after stimulation. Therefore, the development potential of deep and thick carbonate geothermal reservoirs can be substantially improved through the developed stimulation. This research can provide technical support for the large-scale development of geothermal resources in China.
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圖 2 D22井三開成像測井解釋圖. (a)裂隙密度隨深度分布圖; (b)裂隙走向隨深度分布圖; (c)裂隙傾角及裂隙寬度隨深度分布圖
Figure 2. Interpretation map of imaging logging of the third spud in well D22: (a)distribution of fracture density with depth; (b) distribution of fracture strike with depth; (c) distribution of fracture dip and width with depth
圖 4 雄安新區D22井水力噴射壓裂后噴槍照片
Figure 4. Photo of the spray gun after the hydraulic jet fracturing of well D22 in the Xiong’an New Area
圖 5 D22井壓裂流量壓力隨時間變化曲線
Figure 5. Variation curve of fracturing flow and pressure with time in well D22
Reservoir Location Depth/m Basis
concentration
of HCL/%Acidification
amount/m3Water
inflow before
fracturing/
(m3·d?1)Water
inflow after
fracturing/
(m3·d?1)Capacity
before fracturing/
m3·(d·m)?1Capacity
after fracturing/
m3·(d·m)?1Maximum
instantaneous
pressure/
MPaWater
temperature
before
fracturing/
°CWater
temperature
after
fracturing/
°CCarbonate
(JXW)No. 4, Jingtong, Tongzhou, Beijing 1730–2800 20 130 951 2163 23.80 56.75 6.5 43.5 46 Granite Soults
GPK2, France5270 0.09+0.18 1080 1555 30.24 69.12 160 164 Carbonate
(?)Beijing
YRG ~ 12383
–334931 20 1980 1829 19.36 18.17 16 65 68 Carbonate
( JX )Fuxingmen, Hexi District, Tianjin WR95 1776–1976 20 120 249 2296 21.51 53 78 Carbonate
(?)Taiyuan Xiwenzhuang geothermal field X~3 1500–2500 16–20 700 (400) 528 3120 3.41 67.8 40 55 63 Carbonate
(?)Southwest of Shandong 1310–1500 20 80 240 864 14 35 47 
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表 2 D22井三開綜合測井解釋結果
Table 2. Interpretation results of comprehensive logging of the third spud in well D22
Layer Initial
depth/ mTerminati-on
depth/mThick-ness/m RT/(Ω·m) SP/mV GR/API AC/
(μs·m?1)Shale content/% Porosity/% Permeability /mD Reservoir classification 20 3000.4 3003.3 2.9 23.02 4.63 29.12 277.82 9 27.16 4004 I 21 3018.5 3021.5 3 52.64 7.16 28.3 179.62 8.55 6.45 0.2 III 22 3021.5 3024.9 3.4 22.33 6.16 34.4 269.91 12.03 25.2 861.7 I 23 3026 3027.8 1.8 68.8 6.36 37.51 180.21 13.93 6.97 0.13 III 24 3027.8 3029.7 1.9 49.11 5.31 44.01 228.93 17.85 15.14 36.62 I 25 3128.7 3132.1 3.4 11.54 8.1 56.47 212.5 28.79 10.45 5 II 26 3133.6 3135.2 1.6 52.19 6.41 28.34 182.56 9.71 3.53 0.1 III 27 3137.5 3139.5 2 10.22 6.05 57.38 182.6 28.98 4.18 0.07 III 28 3156.1 3160.3 4.2 15.16 4.07 25.74 204.14 7.34 11.5 6.21 II 29 3172.3 3175.8 3.5 19.57 4.56 35.73 256.93 12.69 22.69 686 I 30 3179 3181.4 2.4 7554 6.84 7.2 175.22 0 5.76 0.1 III 31 3250.3 3252.7 2.4 1056 9.18 10.6 166.98 2.11 5.1 0.1 III 32 3315.3 3317.4 2.1 72.6 4.19 11.15 169.41 0.51 4.25 0.1 III 33 3378.7 3380.4 1.7 73.43 4.28 11.73 170.42 1.26 4.73 0.1 III 34 3424.2 3427.6 3.4 358.1 5.56 8.26 178.19 0.12 6.25 0.1 III 35 3437.3 3440.4 3.1 362.6 8.9 10.56 195.95 0.43 5.26 0.1 III 36 3456.5 3463.4 6.9 20.63 8.25 57.69 218.92 28.35 12.6 7.97 II 37 3479.4 3481.4 2 1790 13.02 9.59 178.33 0.44 6.57 0.18 III
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久色视频表 3 熱儲改造前后產能測試結果對比表
Table 3. Comparison of the pumping test before and after reservoir stimulation
Descent Heat hydraulic head/m Dynamic water level/m Depression depth/m Water yield /
(m3·h?1)Specific water yield/(m3·(h·m)?1) Water temperature/℃ Before
stimulation111.2 307.88 196.68 4.72 0.024 60.0 After stimulation S3 101.43 160.66 59.23 44.10 0.745 66.5 S2 136.54 35.11 33.40 0.951 66.0 S1 114.77 13.34 18.90 1.417 60.5
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