Occurrence characteristics, development status, and prospect of deep high-temperature geothermal resources in China
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摘要: 地熱資源具有儲量大、能源利用效率高、運行成本低和節能減排等優點，是唯一不受天氣、季節變化影響的地球本土可再生清潔能源，對于實現雙碳目標有重要意義。為了解中深層地熱資源賦存特征和發展現狀，系統梳理了國外中深層高溫地熱資源的發展歷程和最新進展，并與我國中深層地熱資源開發情況進行對比分析，以期為我國中深層地熱資源開發利用提供借鑒和啟示。總體來講，我國傳統水熱型地熱資源潛力巨大且開發程度不高，具有很大的開發空間；針對我國地熱流體中伴生礦產資源的相關開發依然存在著稀有元素分布特征不清、潛力不明、整體開發利用程度不高等問題，應在評估地熱流體中伴生礦產資源潛力基礎上，進一步加強地熱流體中伴生礦產資源的綜合開發利用；隨著礦產資源開采深度的加大和高溫地熱帶周邊相關工程建設的開展，高溫熱害成為不可忽視的問題。但目前深部礦井和工程建設中“熱害資源化”的研究相對不足，造成了地熱資源的浪費，應在“熱害資源化”潛力評估的基礎上，進一步推動“礦?熱共采”及工程建設中的“熱害資源化”利用。Abstract: The geothermal resource has some advantages in energy-saving and emission-reduction. They include enormous reserves, high energy utilization efficiency, and low-cost operation and have played an important role in achieving the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality as the only renewable-clean energy on the planet that is not affected by weather and seasons. A systematical analysis of the developing courses and new progress of foreign countries’ middle-deep high-temperature geothermal resources was carried out to analyze the occurrence characteristics and development status of high-temperature geothermal resources. Furthermore, in comparison to the development of high-temperature geothermal resources in China, several suggestions which may provide a reference for the utilization of middle-deep geothermal resources in China are put forward for the actual demands. Conventional hydrothermal geothermal resources in China generally have mature power technology and significant potential. However, in comparison to the total resources, geothermal resources in China have a low development degree and significant development potential. Significantly, a variety of rare mineral resources are associated with geothermal fluids in China, but some issues exist in the development of the associated mineral resources in high-temperature geothermal fluids, such as unclear trace element distribution and development potential, resulting in a low level of resource development. Consequently, based on the potential evaluation of the associated mineral resources, comprehensive utilization of the associated mineral resources in deep geothermal fluids should be strengthened. High-temperature heat harm has become a significant problem as engineering construction in the high-temperature geothermal area has advanced, and the mining depth of mineral resources has gradually increased. The high-temperature heat harm not only has a serious impact on the health of workers but also impedes the construction process and raises costs. However, the resource attribute of high-temperature heat harm, on the other hand, has received little attention. Hence, there is relatively little research on the “resource utilization of heat energy” in deep mines and engineering construction, resulting in the waste of geothermal resources. Based on the potential evaluation of “heat harm resources,” more attention should be paid to the utilization of “heat harm resources” in engineering construction and “ore-thermal co-mining” in deep mines, as well as actively developing high-temperature heat harm resource utilization technology. In general, more attention should be paid to the development of China’s middle-depth geothermal resources. The development of an enhanced geothermal system based on conventional hydrothermal geothermal resources could be more effective. Furthermore, geothermal resource utilization should not be limited to geothermal fluid; associated mineral resources and high-temperature heat-harm resources have enormous resource potential as well.
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圖 1 2015—2020年全球地熱發電裝機容量排名前十的國家
Figure 1. Top 10 countries with the most installed geothermal power capacity in 2015–2020
久色视频表 1 世界典型“傳統水熱型”高溫地熱發電站
Table 1. World’s typical “conventional hydrothermal” high-temperature geothermal power plants
Name Country Location Reservoir
temperature/℃Type Medium Installed capacity/MW Start
dateStatus Remarks Larderello Italy Tuscany 350 Magmatic type Dry steam 769 1913 Ongoing The oldest geothermal
power plantWairakei New Zealand Pauto, North Island 266 Modern
volcanic typeWet steam 140 1958 Ongoing The first wet steam
geothermal power plantGaithers America Sonoma, CA 250 Magmatic type Dry steam 200 1960 Ongoing The first geothermal power
plant in AmericaTiwi Philippines Albay Province 315 Magmatic type Wet steam 330 1979 Ongoing The largest geothermal power
plant in the PhilippinesOlkaria Kenya Hell’s Gate National Park 235 Modern
volcanic typeHot water 727 1981 Ongoing The largest geothermal power
plant in AfricaHellisheiei Iceland Henger >230 Modern
volcanic typeHot water and steam 303 2006 Ongoing The largest geothermal power
plant in IcelandDarajat Indonesia Pasirwangi District, garut,
West Java225?245 Modern
volcanic typeDry steam 255 2007 Ongoing The second-largest geothermal
power plant in IndonesiaSarulla Indonesia Tapanuli Utara
North Sumatra province>250 Modern
volcanic typeHot water 330 2017 Ongoing The largest geothermal power
plant in Indonesia
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參考文獻
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