元宇宙技術綜述

王文喜; 周芳; 萬月亮; 寧煥生

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.01.15.003

元宇宙技術綜述

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.01.15.003

王文喜¹,
周芳^1, ,,
萬月亮^{2, 3},
寧煥生^{1, 4}

1.
北京科技大學計算機與通信工程學院，北京 100083
2.
北京銳安科技有限公司，北京 100192
3.
北京市網絡空間數據分析與應用工程技術研究中心，北京 100192
4.
晉中學院，晉中 030606

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金資助項目（61872038）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: zhoufang@ies.ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TG142.71
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- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-15
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-03-14
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-02

A survey of metaverse technology

WANG Wen-xi¹,
ZHOU Fang^{1
, ,},
WAN Yue-liang^{2, 3},
NING Huan-sheng^{1, 4}

1.
School of Computer and Communication, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Run Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing 100192, China
3.
Beijing Cyberspace Data Analysis and Applied Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100192, China
4.
Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030606, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: zhoufang@ies.ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 元宇宙作為一個新興的概念受到了產業界、學術界、媒體界及公眾的廣泛關注，國內外眾多公司也紛紛在“元宇宙”領域布局，但布局的背后離不開強大的技術支持。本文從技術維度深入剖析元宇宙。首先，從科學與技術的角度論述元宇宙的概念及內涵，并總結了目前從業者、專家以及學者對元宇宙的不同見解。其次，概述了元宇宙相關關鍵技術，包括網絡及運算技術（5G、6G、物聯網、云計算、霧計算及邊緣計算）、管理技術（能耗管理、資源管理、會話管理及時空一致性管理）、虛實對象連接、建模與管理技術（X聯網、身份建模、社會計算、去中心化管理技術）、虛實空間交互與融合技術（拓展現實、電子游戲技術、腦機接口技術）等。元宇宙不宜稱為新技術，而是IT新技術的綜合運用。技術的進步與發展，將為元宇宙的實現和應用奠定堅實的基礎，同時元宇宙的發展也會促進現有技術的升級換代。最后，展望了元宇宙發展面臨的諸多挑戰，以清晰認識、理智決策、穩步探索元宇宙。
- 元宇宙 /
- 去中心化 /
- 虛擬世界 /
- 現實世界 /
- 虛實融合
Abstract: As an emerging concept, metaverse has attracted extensive attention from industry, academia, media, and the public, prompting many companies worldwide about its layout. However, the layout is inseparable from strong technical support. In the early developmental stage of the metaverse, its technology is the core foundation. The development and innovation of technology are the top priority. This paper dived into the metaverse from the technical view. First, the paper discussed the metaverse’s concept and connotation from the perspective of science and technology and summarized the opinions of practitioners, experts, and scholars about it. Second, it outlined the key technologies of the metaverse, including network and operating technology (5G, 6G, Internet of things, cloud computing, fog computing, and edge computing); management technology (energy consumption, resource, session, and spatiotemporal consistency managements); virtual real object connection, modeling and management technology (Internet of X, identity modeling, social computing, and decentralized management); and virtual real space interaction and fusion technology (extend reality, video game, and brain–computer interface). The metaverse is not a novel technology but an all-inclusive internet application. The progress and development of technology play a solid foundation for realizing and applying the metaverse. At the same time, metaverse development also promotes upgrading existing technologies to drive the product, scenario, and application innovation. Finally, this paper looked into many challenges facing metaverse development. Metaverse enables the connection and integration of the real and virtual worlds. It may become a novel form of social development and change people’s way of life. Meanwhile, the growth of the metaverse concept, its development speed, ultimate form, and even its impact on philosophy, culture, society, and economic governance, as well as human beings, are unknown. By implementing a metaverse prototype, the enabling economy will also be of major interest. Moreover, the government adheres to policy guidelines to enable the real economy with technology, which will still apply in the metaverse era. No matter what trend we are in, we should have a clear understanding, make rational decisions, and steadily explore the metaverse!
- metaverse /
- decentralization /
- virtual world /
- real world /
- mix of virtual and actual reality

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圖 1 元宇宙技術路線圖

Figure 1. Roadmap of the metaverse technology

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表 1 從業者、專家以及機構對元宇宙的不同看法與見解

Table 1. Different opinions of practitioners and experts on the metaverse

Name	Affiliations	Description
Chen G, Dong H	Peking University	The metaverse is a virtual world connected and created through science and technology, mapped and interacted with the real world, and has a digital living space of a novel social system^[3].
Zuckerberg M	Facebook	The metaverse is a world composed of countless interconnected virtual communities where people can meet, work, and entertainment through virtual reality devices (e.g., headphones and eyes), smartphone applications, and other devices^[4].
Baszucki D	Roblox	The metaverse is a virtual world that connects everyone. Everyone has a virtual identity and can do anything desired. The metaverse has eight characteristics: identity, friends, immersion, low latency, diversity, anywhere, economy, and civilization^[5].
Redmond E	Nike	The metaverse spans the physical/digital gap between reality and virtual reality ^[6].
Kimber C	Posterscope	The metaverse is an observable digital universe composed of millions of digital galaxies^[6].
Shabro L	Army Futures Command	The metaverse is a fuzzy digital hybrid reality. The things and people in the metaverse are irreplaceable and infinite and are not limited by the traditional physical space^[6].
Kicks P	BITKRAFT Ventures	Metaverse: a lasting and real-time digital world, providing individuals with a series of agency, social existence, and shared space consciousness. It has a wide range of virtual economic systems^[6].
Bellinghausen B	Alissia Spaces	The metaverse is a bridge between the real and virtual worlds^[6].
Redding N	Redding Futures	The metaverse is an infinite space where people can do everything physically and still have sensory stimuli such as vision, hearing, touch, and smell^[6].
Piech E	AMP Creative	The metaverse is a world that no longer pays attention to the difference between our digital avatars and bodies. It is a world where we are surrounded by information (e.g., work, entertainment, and education) using intelligent lenses and brain–computer interface devices. It is the next generation of the internet^[6].
Ning H S	University of science and technology Beijing	The general cyberspace (metaverse) is a unified description of conventional cyberspace and cyber-enabled physical, social, and thinking spaces formed based on ubiquitous connections between things and the deep convergence of spaces^[7].

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表 2 近年來典型的物聯網研究以支持元宇宙的發展

Table 2. Typical research on the IoT for metaverse in recent years

Layer	Author	Title	Reference
Sensing layer	Gong, et al	A remote attestation mechanism for the sensing layer nodes for the Internet of Things	[16]
	Wang, et al	RF sensing in the Internet of Things: a general deep learning framework	[17]
	Ye, et al	An efficient authentication and access control scheme for perception layer of Internet of Things	[18]
	Norouzi, et al	GAPSO-SVM: An IDSS-based energy-aware clustering routing algorithm for IoT perception layer	[19]
	Kou, et al	A lightweight three-factor user authentication protocol for the information perception of IoT	[20]
Network layer	Shafiq, et al	CorrAUC: A malicious bot-iot traffic detection method in IoT network using machine-learning techniques	[21]
Network layer	Hafeez, et al	IoT-KEEPER: Detecting malicious IoT network activity using online traffic analysis at the edge	[22]
Application layer	Sun and Ansari	Dynamic resource caching in the IoT application layer for smart cities	[23]
	Sun and Ansari	Traffic load balancing among brokers at the IoT application layer	[24]
	Deogirikar and Vidhate	An improved publish-subscribe method in application layer protocol for IoT	[25]
	Mohanta, et al	Trustworthy Management in Decentralized IoT Application using Blockchain	[26]

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表 3 云計算、霧計算和邊緣計算的比較

Table 3. Comparison of cloud computing, fog computing, and edge computing

Paradigm	Deployment	Network access type	Network latency	Real-time Ability	Transmission	Scalability degree	Bandwidth requirements	Location awareness	Mobility support	Server nodes location	Service type	User device	Target application
Cloud computing	Centralization	WAN	High	Low	Device to cloud	High	Focus	No	Low	Within the Internet	Global services	Multiple terminals	General Internet application
Fog computing	Distribution	LAN	Medium	Medium	Device to device/cloud	High	Non-focus	Yes	High	Between terminal device and cloud	Localized services	Multiple mobile terminals	Internet of Things or mobile application
Edge computing	Distribution	LAN/WLAN	Low	High	Device to device	High	Non-focus	Yes	High	At the edge of the local network	Localized services	Multiple mobile terminals	Internet of Things or mobile application

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表 4 資源管理列表

Table 4. Resource management technology list

Stage	Technology	Abbreviation	Description
Resource naming	Resource description framework	RDF	A language used to express resource information on the world wide web.
	Web ontology language	WOL	Used for semantic description of ontology.
	Physical markup language	PML	A common standard used for describing all natural objects, processes, and environments.
Resource addressing	Domain name system	DNS	Used to automatically resolve and exchange of network domain names and IP addresses.
	Object name system	ONS	Object name service proposed by EPCglobal
	U code resolution protocol	U code RP	Ubiquitous encoding resolution protocol proposed by UID Center
Resource discovery	Distributed Hash Table	DHT	A distributed storage method where each client is responsible for a small routing rqnge and storing a small part of data without a server to realize the addressing and storage of the whole DHT network.
Resource allocation	Dynamic Programming Method	DPM	A dynamic resource allocation framework for synchronizing metaverse with IoT services and data^[50].

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表 5 典型游戲引擎概述

Table 5. Overview of representative game engines

Year	Engine name	Company	Representative work	Website
1993	RenderWare	Criterion Software	Grand Theft Auto; Chinese Paladin; XuanYuan Sword; etc.	https://www.renderware.com/
1998	Unreal	Epic	Unreal Tournament 3; Gears of War; PuBG: Battlegrounds; Mass Effect; BioShock; etc.	https://www.unrealengine.com/zh-CN/
2002	Cryengine3	Crytek	Far cry; Crysis; Sniper Ghost Warrior; The Climb; etc.	https://www.cryengine.com/
2004	Source	Valve	Counter-Strike: Source; Half-Life; DoTA 2; Vindictus; etc.	https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Main_Page
2005	IW	Infinity Ward	Call of Duty; Quantum of Solace; etc.	https://www.infinityward.com/
2005	Unity	Unity Technologies	Temple Run; Genshin; Monument Valley; Arena of Valor: 5v5 Arena Game; League of Legends: Wild Rift; etc.	https://unity.cn/
2006	Frostbite	EA DICE	Need for Speed: The Run; Plants vs Zombies: Garden Warfare; Need for Speed; etc.	https://www.ea.com/frostbite
2006	Rockstar	Rockstar Games	Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis; Grand Theft Auto; Red Dead Redemption; Max Payne 3; etc.	https://www.rockstargames.com/zh/
2010	Coscos2d-x	/	CarrotFantasy; Warpath; Anipop; etc.	https://www.cocos.com/
2011	Creation	Bethesda Game Studios	The Elder Scrolls; Fallout; Starfield; etc.	https://shop.creationengine.com/

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