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摘要: 徑向密封片作為轉子發動機最重要的密封部件，安裝在轉子的三個頂點，徑向密封片直接暴露在高溫高壓燃氣中，存在振拍、漏氣和磨損三大關鍵問題，這些問題會導致稱為“魔鬼爪痕”的缸體振紋的出現，這些問題直接影響轉子發動機的工作性能和使用壽命。NSU、Mazda等公司對徑向密封片的發展做出巨大，開發了多種型號徑向密封片并采用了多種材料。隨著材料技術的發展，一些新型材料與表面處理工藝可以應用于徑向密封片，例如：碳纖維、石墨烯等納米材料，激光表面處理、新型涂層等工藝。本文綜述了NSU、Mazda和Curtiss-Wright在徑向密封片上取得的成果，最后結合新型結構、新型材料與處理工藝，對徑向密封片的未來發展提出建議。Abstract: In 1954, Felix Wankel became the first in the world to successfully develop a rotary engine with the cooperation of the NSU. The invention of the rotary engine is a revolution in the structure of the internal combustion engine. The rotary engine exhibits advantages of simple structure, small and light, stable operation, and better high-speed performance. However, the development of the rotary engine is seriously restricted by its poor sealing problem. The apex seal is provided on each apex of the rotor to keep each working chamber gas-tight. Since it is directly exposed to high-pressure combustion gas and subjected to various kinds of restraint involved in the planetary motion, most efforts have been concentrated on the study of its performance and durability. The apex seal has three key problems: vibration, gas leakage, and wear. These problems will lead to the emergence of chatter marks that are called the nail marks of the devil. These problems directly affect the working performance and service life of the rotary engine. Mazda and NSU have made great contributions to the improvement of apex seals. Many types of apex seals have been developed, such as solid-type, split-type, cross-hollow, and three-piece. Many materials have been used as apex seals, such as alumetizing carbon, special cast iron, and fiber-reinforced ceramics. With the development of material technology, some new materials and treatment processing technology could be applied to the apex seal, e.g., laser surface treatment and new coatings. Carbon fibers, graphene, and nanometer materials could improve the wear resistance and mechanical property. This paper summarized the achievements of Mazda, NSU, and Curtiss-Wright. Finally, according to the new materials and treatment processing technology, the new structures and new materials for the apex seals were given in this paper. The trumpet-shaped notch structure, roller pin structure, cantilever flexure structure and multi apex sealing system can be used to improve the sealing performance of apex seals. Laser surface textured and new materials such as nano-ceramic and graphene are the breakthrough point to solve the sealing and wear problem of apex seals. This paper puts forward some suggestions for the future development of apex seals.
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Key words:
- rotary engine /
- apex seals /
- sealing performance /
- structure design /
- material
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圖 4 上止點位置的徑向密封片. (a)上止點前徑向密封片;(b)上止點后徑向密封片
Figure 4. Apex seal at the top dead center: (a) apex seal before TDC; (b) apex seal after TDC
圖 25 雙彈簧工作原理示意圖. (a) 彈簧Ⅰ工作；(b) 彈簧Ⅰ與Ⅱ工作
Figure 25. Working principle of the apex seal’s dual spring: (a) only spring Ⅰ works; (b) spring Ⅰ and spring Ⅱ work
圖 27 上下斜分割三段式徑向密封片密封原理
Figure 27. Sealing principle of the Mazda three-piece apex seal
圖 37 帶切口的密封片工作原理示意圖. (a)上止點前徑向密封片;(b)上止點后徑向密封片
Figure 37. Principle of the apex seal with a trumpet-shaped notch: (a) apex seal before TDC; (b) apex seal after TDC
表 1 徑向密封片材料的特性比較[31]
Table 1. Comparison of properties of radial seal materials
Apex seal material Hardness
(Hv)Bending strength/
MPaFracture toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Thermal shock
resistance/°CDensity/
(g·cm?3)Carbon — 200–300 3.5 400–600 2.1 Fiber reinforced ceramics 1700 1200 6.0 >550 3.3 
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久色视频表 2 納米陶瓷材料力學性能的改善[70]
Table 2. Improvement of mechanical properties of nano-ceramic materials
Nano-ceramic materials
(matrix/nano-dispersed phase)Toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Intensity/
MPaMaximum use temperature/℃ Al2O3/SiC 3.5–4.8 350–1520 800–1200 Al2O3/Si3N4 3.5–4.7 350–850 800–1200 MgO/SiC 1.2–4.5 340–700 600–1400 Si3N4/SiC 4.5–7.5 350–1550 1200–1400
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