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摘要: 從鈣鈦礦晶格結構和器件結構入手，介紹了鈣鈦礦電池的發展歷程，總結了A位，B位及X位的組分調控方法、一步法、兩步法及其他成膜方法，形貌控制方法，最后，詳細討論了鈣鈦礦太陽能電池穩定性的影響因素，光熱濕等因素是引起鈣鈦礦晶體分解，導致電池性能下降的主要原因。最后，穩定性問題已經成為阻礙鈣鈦礦電池產業化的最大的障礙，介紹了鈣鈦礦太陽能電池當前穩定性問題的主要解決方案：開發更穩定的鈣鈦礦結構，開發用于控制晶粒生長的新添加劑，以及選擇具有優異性能的空穴傳輸層和電子傳輸層。Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and industrial technologies, the solar cell industry has begun to receive considerable attention. Perovskite solar cells are regarded as the third-generation solar cells. As of April 2019, on the basis of the international certification, the maximum power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is 24.2%, which is similar to the highest power conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells exhibit high power conversion efficiency, low cost, simple preparation, and diversity of structure, which makes them the leaders in next-generation thin-film photovoltaic devices. In this paper the development history of perovskite solar cells was reported; the perovskite crystal structure and device structure were discussed in detail; and a tolerance factor for obtaining a more stable perovskite structure was introduced. We then summarized the A-site, B-site, and X-site composition engineering, the one-step, two-step and other fabrication methods and morphology control methods of perovskite thin films that could stabilize the perovskite crystal structure, reduce the pollution and harm of lead in perovskite films, control the growth of perovskite film, and regulate the band gaps. In addition, the influencing factors on the stability of perovskite solar cells was also discuss; light stability, thermal stability, and humidity stability that are the main causes of the decomposition of perovskite crystals, resulting in a serious decrease in device performance owing to the phase transition and degradation. The biggest obstacle for the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is the stability. Finally a series of methods that can improve the stability of perovskite solar cells were analyzed. The main solutions to the current stability problems of perovskite solar cells include the development of more stable 2D/3D perovskite structures, the development of new additives to control the growth of grains using the interfacial medication methods, and the selection of suitable hole and electron transport materials with superior properties.
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Key words:
- perovskite solar cell /
- stability /
- structure /
- influencing factors /
- regulation
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圖 5 銣、銫摻雜部分取代甲脒陽離子制備的器件性能測試曲線. （a） Cs摻雜鈣鈦礦器件的性能；（b） Rb摻雜鈣鈦礦器件的性能；（c） Rb摻雜鈣鈦礦器件的穩定性測試[20]
Figure 5. Rubidium and cesium doped part substituted formamidine cationic preparation of the device performance test curves: (a) performance of Cs doped perovskite devices; (b) performance of Rb doped perovskite devices; (c) stability testing of Rb doped perovskite devices[20]
圖 6 （a） MAPb1?a?bSnaCubI3?2bBr2b鈣鈦礦結構示意圖；（b） 鉛?錫?銅三元體系鈣鈦礦器件結構圖；（c） MAPb0.9Sn0.05Cu0.05I2.9Br0.1組分的器件效率[24]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of the MAPb1?a?bSnaCubI3?2bBr2b perovskite structure; (b) Pb?Sn?Cu ternary system perovskite device structure diagram; (c) MAPb0.9Sn0.05Cu0.05I2.9Br0.1 component device efficiency[24]
圖 8 通過Cl離子摻雜控制鈣鈦礦結晶形貌[27]. （a） 實驗流程示意圖（PbI2：碘化鉛，MAI：甲基碘化銨，MACl：甲基氯化銨）；（b） Cl離子摻雜器件的最佳性能圖
Figure 8. Crystal morphology of perovskite controlled by Cl ion doping[27]: (a) schematic diagram of experimental process (PbI2: lead iodide, MAI: methyl ammonium iodide, MACl: methyl ammonium chloride); (b) optimal performance diagram of Cl ion doped devices
圖 12 MAAc/TSC添加劑制備鈣鈦礦薄膜. （a） MAAc/TSC添加劑的結構示意圖；（b） CH3NH3PbI3薄膜生長過程；（c） 器件的連續光照穩定性和熱穩定性測試[55]
Figure 12. Preparation of perovskite thin films by MAAc/TSC additive: (a) schematic diagram of the MAAc/TSC additive; (b) CH3NH3PbI3 film growth process; (c) continuous illumination stability and thermal stability test[55]
圖 13 ADAHX對鈣鈦礦薄膜的界面修飾. （a） ADAHX結構式；（b） ADAHX分子模型；（c） 鈣鈦礦薄膜的接觸角測試；（d） 界面修飾示意圖[58]
Figure 13. Interface modification of perovskite thin films by ADAHX: (a) structural formula of ADAHX; (b) molecular model of ADAHX; (c) contact angle test of perovskite thin films; (d) schematic diagram of interface modification[58]
久色视频
圖 14 CuCrO2作為空穴傳輸層所制備的器件表征圖. （a） 鈣鈦礦表面形貌；（b） CuCrO2薄膜表面形貌；（c） Spiro-OMeTAD做空穴傳輸層的器件截面圖；（d） CuCrO2做空穴傳輸層的器件截面圖；（e） 器件濕度穩定性測試（CCO：CuCrO2，cl-TiO2：致密TiO2層，mp-TiO2：介孔TiO2層，HTM：空穴傳輸層）
Figure 14. Device characterization diagram prepared by CuCrO2 as a hole transport layer: (a) surface morphology of perovskite; (b) surface morphology of CuCrO2 film; (c) cross section of device for hole transport layer of Spiro-OMeTAD; (d) cross-sectional view of device for hole transport layer of CuCrO2; (e) device humidity stability test (CCO: CuCrO2, cl-TiO2: compact TiO2 layer, mp-tio2: mesoporous TiO2 layer, HTM: hole transport layer)
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