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摘要: 在調研國內外眾多金屬礦山和收集大量相關文獻的基礎上, 綜述了國內外金屬礦山開采現狀及研究進展, 聚焦深部開采主要工程技術難題, 從開采動力災害預測防控、深井高溫熱害控制治理、深井提升、深井開采方法工藝變革、深部選礦新技術、智能無人采礦這六個方面, 提出了解決我國深部開采難題的戰略建議, 結果表明: (1)5000m開采深度將會是我國金屬礦深部開采中長期戰略研究目標; (2) 無繩垂直提升技術具有提升效率高, 使用限制少的特點, 建議我國重點針對此類技術裝備研發; (3)將深部礦產資源開采與深部能源開發相結合, 可以有效降低深部降溫成本, 是解決深部采礦經濟性的新途徑; (4) 新一代采礦技術需對原有的采礦模式和開采工藝進行變革, 機械連續切割破巖技術是未來超深礦井建設的重要發展方向; (5) 充填法是保證深部開采安全最有效的方法之一，應對充填材料、充填工藝進行更深入的研究; (6) 我國尚不具備全面推廣遙控智能化無人采礦的條件, 可以通過產學研聯合攻關等方式逐步提高礦山生產自動化和遙控智能作業水平.Abstract: Mineral resources provide an importantmaterial basis for a country's economic and social development.After decades of large-scalemining, the shallow-metalmineral resources of China have been reduced annually and the development ofmetal resources has reached the stage of comprehensive promotion of deepmining at present.Based on the investigation of a number ofmines in China and abroad and an extensive review of the relevant literature, this study summarizes the present situation and research progress ofmetalmining by focusing on themain technical engineering problems of deepmining and proposing some strategic recommendations to solve the problems of deepmining from six aspects, including the prediction and prevention of dynamicmining disasters, the control of hightemperature thermal environments and treatment of hazards, deep-well hoisting, deep-wellminingmethod and technology reform, new technology for deepmineral processing, and intelligent unmannedmining.The results include the following: (1) Themedium and long-term strategic research target for the deepmining ofmetals in China will be the depth of 5000m.(2) High efficiency and less restriction are characteristics of the cordless vertical lifting technology, which suggests that China should focus on the research and development of this technology and related equipment.(3) Combining themining of deepmineral resources with that of deep energy resources can effectively reduce the cost of deep cooling and offers a new way to solve the economic challenges of deepmining.(4) Newgenerationmining technologies need to change the original mining models and technologies, and the continuous mechanical cutting and rock breaking technology represent an important development direction for the future construction of ultra-deepmines.(5) The fillingmethod is one of themost effectivemethods for ensuring deep-production safety, and further research is needed on the fillingmaterial and filling process.(6) The conditions necessary for comprehensively promoting remote intelligent unmannedmining in China do notyet exist, andmining progress can be facilitated by university-industry collaboration.
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圖 4 雙邊型永磁直線同步電機垂直提升系統
Figure 4. Two-sided permanent magnetic linear synchronous motor system
表 1 全球開采深度3000 m以上的地下金屬礦山
Table 1. Underground metal mines with global mining depths greater than 3000 m
序號 礦山名稱 開采深度/m 礦石類型和儲量 所在國家 1 Mponeng Gold Mine姆波尼格金礦 4350 金(金屬儲量426t，金品位8 g·t －1，年產黃金12.44t) 南非 2 Savuka Gold Mine薩武卡金礦 4000 金(礦石儲量5.26×106t，年產黃金1. 52t) 南非 3 TauTona Anglo Gold陶托那盎格魯金礦 3900 金(控制資源量229. 8t，年產黃金12.7t) 南非 4 Caritonville卡里頓維爾金礦 3800 金，副產品鈾、銀和銥、鋨貴重金屬(年產金47.89t，產氧化鈾213t) 南非 5 East Rand Proprietary Mines東蘭德專有礦業 3585 金(2008年產金2.25t品位1.14g·t－1) 南非 6 South DeepGold mine南深部金礦 3500 金(探明金屬儲量1216t，平均品位7.06 g·t－1) 南非 7 Kloof gold Mine克盧夫金礦 3500 金(累計礦石儲量3.04×108t，品位9.1g·t －1) 南非 8 Driefontein mine德里霍特恩礦 3400 金(礦石儲量9.460×107t，金品位7.4g·t－1) 南非 9 Kusasalethu Mine Project，Far West Rand遠西蘭德庫薩薩力圖礦 3276 金(剩余金屬儲量305t，品位5.35 g·t－1) 南非 10 Champion Reef錢皮恩里夫 3260 金(礦石產量105t·a－1，礦石品位7.12 g·t－1) 印度 11 President Steyn Gold Mine斯坦總統金礦 3200 金(礦石產量3. 961×106t·a－1，金品位6.5 g·t－1) 南非 12 Boksburg博客斯堡金礦 3150 金(年處理礦石能力3.90×106t) 南非 13 LaRonde-mine拉羅德金礦 3120 金(探礦石儲量3.560×107t，金品位2.7g·t－1) 加拿大 14 Andina Copper Mine安迪納銅礦 3070 銅(礦石儲量1.9162×1010t，銅品位1.2g·t－1) 智利 15 Moab Khotsong摩押金礦 3054 金礦(礦石儲量1.688×107t，品位9.69 g·t－1) 南非 16 Lucky Friday Mine幸運星期五礦 3000 銀、鉛(2016年產銀93. 3t) 美國 
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表 2 我國采深1000m以上地下金屬礦山統計
Table 2. Mining depths greater than 1000 m of underground metal mines in China
序號 礦山名稱 所在地區 開采深度/m 1 崟鑫金礦 河南省靈寶市朱陽鎮 1600 2 會澤鉛鋅礦 云南省曲靖市會澤縣 1500 3 六苴銅礦 云南省大姚縣六苴鎮 1500 4 夾皮溝金礦 吉林省樺甸市 1500 5 秦嶺金礦 河南省靈寶市故縣鎮 1400 6 紅透山銅礦 遼寧省撫順市紅透山鎮 1300 7 文峪金礦 河南省靈寶市豫靈鎮 1300 8 潼關中金 陜西省潼關縣桐峪鎮 1200 9 玲瓏金礦 山東省煙臺招遠市玲瓏鎮 1150 10 冬瓜山銅礦 安徽省銅陵市獅子山區 1100 11 湘西金礦 湖南省懷化市沅陵縣 1100 12 阿舍勒銅礦 新疆維吾爾自治區阿勒泰地區 1100 13 三山島金礦 山東省萊州市 1050 14 金川二礦區 甘肅金昌市 1000 15 山東金洲礦業集團 山東威海乳山市 1000 16 弓長嶺鐵礦 遼寧省遼陽市弓長嶺區 1000
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久色视频表 3 我國部分金屬礦山巖爆發生情況
Table 3. Rock burst in some metal mines in China
礦山名稱 目前采深/m 巖爆狀況 紅透山銅礦 1300 發生較強巖爆 會澤鉛鋅礦 1500 發生較強巖爆 冬瓜山銅礦 1100 發生中等巖爆 靈寶崟鑫金礦 1600 發生中等巖爆 二道溝金礦(夾皮溝金礦) 1500 發生中等巖爆 玲瓏金礦 1150 發生中等巖爆 三山島金礦 1050 發生輕微巖爆 玲南金礦 800 發生輕微巖爆
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