Progress and trend of bulk utilization technology of metallurgical solid wastes in China
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摘要: 我國鋼渣、赤泥、銅渣和部分鐵合金渣年排放量在千萬噸甚至億噸級，難以大量用于傳統的水泥、混凝土或道路工程領域，是難利用的大宗冶金固廢。本文分析了以上典型冶金固廢大宗資源化利用的現狀，指出了制約大宗資源化利用的瓶頸問題；進一步提出砂石骨料、陶瓷材料、人造石材在我國具有年億噸級乃至百億噸級的市場需求，適合作為冶金固廢利用的大宗量出口，并綜述了這一領域冶金渣低成本制備燒結陶粒、冶金渣制備陶瓷和燒結磚、熔渣調質制備骨料以及熔渣人造石材制備等方面研究取得的進展，包括在新建年10萬噸基于帶式焙燒機原理的固廢陶粒生產線上進行了赤泥摻加質量分數50%～65%的燒結陶粒工業化生產試驗；分別摻入質量分數40%～60%的赤泥，30%～50%的鋼渣，50%～80%的銅渣，先后完成了陶瓷磚和燒結磚的工業化中試以及工業化生產實驗；加入質量分數12.96%的砂子對熔融電爐渣進行調質并制備砂石骨料、基于“Petrurgic”工藝的利用熔渣制備石材技術也完成了工業化和中試試驗。在此基礎上提出了固廢的大宗量利用、協同利用、節能減碳利用和與智能化結合的資源化利用是這一領域技術發展的主要趨勢。Abstract: In China, the annual discharge of steel slag, red mud, copper slag, and most ferroalloy slag has reached 10–100 million tons; these slags are difficult to be resued due to poor utilization in the fields of cement, concrete, or road pavement. The difficult reusing of these wastes requires new theory and technology, particularly due to the huge scale and concentration in their distribution in China. This study analyzed the current situation of the bulk utilization of the abovementioned typical metallurgical solid wastes and summarized the causes of the problems hindering the utilization, including harmful components, low cementitious reactivity, fine particle size, instability in composition, and huge discharge amount in China, distribution concentrated in several areas for a kind of metallurgical solid waste. Owing to a huge market of 100 million tons or even 10 billion tons per year in China, aggregates, ceramic materials, and artificial stones are suitable for the bulk utilization of solid wastes. Relative research progresses in the low-cost preparation of sintered ceramsite from metallurgical slags, slag-based ceramic tiles and fired bricks, modification of molten slags for producing aggregates, and artificial stones directly converted from molten slags were reviewed. During these researches, an experiment on the industrial production of sintered ceramsite with mass fraction of 50%–65% red mud in its raw materials was conducted in a new 100-thousand tons production line. Ceramic tiles and sintered bricks with mass fraction of 40%–60% red mud or 30%–50% steel slag, or 50%–80% copper slag were respectively produced in the pilot-scale experiment and industry line. The direct conversion of molten slag into building materials is an energy-saving and carbon-reducing technology. An industrial experiment for modification of a molten electric arc furnace slag with mass fraction of 12.96% sand added during its discharge process without any energy supply was completed, and the modified slag was further converted into an artificial aggregate with qualified volume stability properties. A casting stone with low production cost was prepared directly from the modified molten slag in small-scale experiments using the “Petrurgic” heat treatment method. Finally, main trends of the utilization technology for the metallurgical slag were further put forward, including the large-scale utilization technologies, synergistic utilization technology for different solid wastes, energy-saving or recovery and carbon reduction technologies during the utilization process, and intelligent technologies integrated into the resource’s utilization process. Besides these four aspects, the change and improvement of approach toward solid wastes, management of solid wastes, and promotion of new technology applications for people in the production, treatment, and management departments in the metallurgical industry are especially important.
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Key words:
- metallurgical solid waste /
- bulk utilization technology /
- steel slag /
- red mud /
- copper slag /
- ferroalloy slag
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圖 1 “Petrurgic”方法工藝。（a）形核及晶體生長速率曲線；（b）直接冷卻制度
Figure 1. “Petrurgic” process: (a) nucleation and crystal growth rate curve; (b) direct cooling system
表 1 典型鐵合金渣的成分（質量分數）
Table 1. Composition of typical ferroalloy slags
% Slags SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 Cr2O3 MnO other Silicon manganese slag 42.17 20.71 16.07 3.68 0.12 0.01 11.38 5.86 Ferrochrome slag 34.96 23.27 2.44 26.79 2.74 7.36 0.25 2.19 Nickel-iron slag of blast furnace 28.92 22.81 31.55 10.69 1.24 0.23 0.22 4.34 Nickel-iron slag for electric furnace 49.47 4.20 2.17 28.33 12.23 1.08 0.5 2.02 
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久色视频表 2 我國大宗建筑材料的用量及價格
Table 2. Amounts and costs of bulk building materials in China
Building materials Annual consumption/t Price of products/
(￥·t?1)Sand and gravel material More than 20 billion 50–200 for product Concrete Nearly 10 billion 30–300 for admixture Cement Nearly 2 billion 30–300 for admixture Sintered brick 10–20 billion 10–100 for raw materials Ceramic tile About 300 million 60–300 for raw materials Nature Stone More than 100 million 1000–3500 for rough stone
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