Commercialization and future development of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in Europe
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摘要: 固體氧化物燃料電池（SOFC）具有燃料適用范圍廣、能量轉換效率高（發電效率40%～60%，綜合能效≥80%）、全固態結構、模塊化組裝、零污染等優點，作為固定式或分布式發電可增強電網清潔供電的能力、安全性、可靠性和穩定性。SOFC具有多種不同的結構，其發電規模覆蓋幾十瓦至百兆瓦，可根據不同的應用場景選擇不同的結構，應用場景主要包括固定式發電、分布式供電、熱（冷）電聯供、交通車輛輔助動力電源等領域。國內的SOFC技術發展較晚，目前已取得一定的研究進展，并且能夠自主研發出十幾千瓦的SOFC發電系統，但與國際領先水平還有很大的差距，主要體現在輸出功率、生產成本及使用壽命等方面。歐洲的SOFC技術處于國際領先水平，具有一批成功實現產品化的公司，通過對其技術和產品的調研，可深入的了解歐洲SOFC技術現狀和發展趨勢，為國內SOFC技術的發展提供借鑒作用。Abstract: With the continuous consumption of fossil fuels, the increasingly serious problem of environmental pollution and increasing demand for electricity in China have forced the need to gradually increase the capacity of renewable energy technologies such as wind and photovoltaic power. The randomness and intermittence associated with in the generation of wind and photovoltaic power bring new challenges to the safety and stability of power-grid operations. With respect to the generation of either stationary or distributed power, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power-generation system can be designed according to the actual demands of specific users and effectively supplement shortages in the generation of centralized power, and thereby significantly improve the efficiency, reliability, and stability of the power supply. SOFCs have many advantages, including fuel flexibility, high energy-conversion efficiency (power-generation efficiency ranging of 40%–60%, comprehensive energy efficiency ≥80%), a whole solid structure, modular assembly, and near-zero pollution. SOFCs have a variety of different structures, and their power-generation scales range from tens of watts to hundreds of megawatts, with different structures selected for different application scenarios. These application scenarios mainly include fixed power generation, distributed power supply, combined heat (cold) and power supply, and auxiliary power units for traffic vehicles. SOFC technology in China has developed more recently than that in foreign countries and has made some progress. Manufacturers in China can independently develop SOFC power generation systems that produce more than 10 kW of power, but there remains a big gap between the systems developed in China and those developed by SOFC technology leaders elsewhere in the world, which is mainly reflected in the output power, production cost, and durability. Europe's SOFC technology is at the forefront, with a number of successful companies having realized effective products. Through the investigation of their technology and products, we can gain an in-depth understanding of the current situation and development trends of SOFC technology as a reference for improving China’s SOFC technology.
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圖 4 微管式SOFC結構圖及性能曲線[5, 10-12]. （a）電解質支撐微管式SOFC結構示意圖；（b）陽極支撐蜂微管式SOFC結構示意圖；（c）管徑與輸出功率關系曲線；（d）微管式SOFC熱循環性能
Figure 4. Schematic diagrams and performance curve of microtubular SOFC[5, 10-12]: (a) schematic diagram of electrolyte-supported microtubular SOFC; (b) schematic diagram of anode-supported microtubular SOFC; (c) influence of pipe diameter on output power; (d) thermal cycling results for microtubular SOFC
圖 8 微型SOFC發電系統。（a）Ultra Electronics AMI公司開發的ROAMIO D245XR燃料電池系統；（b）Atsumitec公司開發的100 W的便攜式SOFC發電系統[39-40]
Figure 8. Micro SOFC power generation systems: (a) ROAMIO D245XR fuel cell system developed by Ultra Electronics AMI; (b) 100 W portable SOFC power generation system developed by Atsumitec[39-40]
Country Company/Institution Concept Power achieved/kW USA Siemens-Westinghouse Tubular 220 Flatten-tubular 3.3 Delta 0.00041 Acumentrics Micro-tubular 0.25–10 Ultra Electronics AMI Micro-tubular 0.2–0.3 Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Tubular 250 Segmented in series flatten-tubular 21 Kyocera Segmented in series flatten-tubular 3 Osaka Gas Flatten-tubular 0.7 Tokyo Gas Segmented in series flatten-tubular 3 TOTO Micro-tubular 3.2 UK Adelan Micro-tubular 0.2 
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表 2 平板式SOFC支撐結構、特點及部分廠家[15-16]
Table 2. Supported structures, features, and manufacturers of planar SOFCs[15-16]
Supported structures Illustration Features Manufacturers Electrolyte-supported 
High operating temperatures required for sufficient oxygen ion conductivity; Relatively strong structural support; Less susceptible to failure due to anode re-oxidation; Higher resistance due to low electrolyte conductivity HEXIS, Bloom Energy, Sunfire Anode-supported 
Lower operating temperature (<800 ℃) via
use of thin electrolytes; Highly conductive anode;
Mass transport limitation due to thick anodes;
Potential anode re-oxidationFuel Cell Energy (Versa Power), Delphi, Ceramic Fuel Cells, POSCO Energy Metal interconnect-supported 
Lower operating temperature (<600 ℃); Stronger structures from metallic interconnects; Interconnect oxidation; Flowfield design limitation due to cell support requirement Ceres Power, Plansee,
Topsoe Fuel Cell
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久色视频Country Company/Institution Power achieved USA Delphi Automotive Systems 9 kW stack, system, and APU GE 50 kW stack and system Fuel Cell Energy 50 kW system LG Fuel Cell Systems 200 kW system Bloom Energy 100–300 kW system Denmark Topsoe 1–50 kW stack and system Finland Convion/W?rtsil? 58 kW system Elcogen 1 kW and 3 kW stack Switzerland Sulzer Hexis 1.5 kW system UK Ceres Power 1–30 kW stack and system Rolls Royce The target is a 1 MW power
generation systemGermany Sunfire 0.75–50 kW stack and system Italy SolidPower 1.5 kW and 2.5 kW system Japan Kansai Electric Power 10 kW system NGK Spark Plug Cells Murata Cells Korea POSCO energy 10 kW system Australia CFCL 1.5 kW system
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